At the end of the war, when Saigo's severed head was brought to Yamagata, he ordered it washed, and held the head in his arms as he pronounced a meditation on the fallen hero. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. No cabinet could be established without his personal consent. The prevention of further loss of sovereignty and the revision . YAMAGATA Aritomo, the leading authority on Army soldiers from former Choshu domain (Choshu-han). Following the doctrine of superiority, he pursued the expansion of armaments. But the genr clung to the power of naming prime ministers up to the death of the last genr, Prince Saionji in 1940. He also took the important step of refashioning the Japanese military system according to the Prussian model. Kei HARA scornfully explained why Yamagata was unusually obsessed with power and decoration, saying that 'it was because he was a foot solider (in fact he was from a chugen family, which was ranked lower than a foot solider).' Hardcover - October 29, 1996. Jomo Kenyatta, selection from Facing Mount Kenya, (1937). Significance-Shows the big foreign policy for the Cold War and how the US should go about implementing this policy and containing communism. The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. was hoping for, leading to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95. Mohandas K. Gandhi, Second Letter to Lord Irwin (1930). On October 30, 1890, he presided over the enactment of the Imperial Rescript on Education. Concentration camp memoirs. Although he commanded the prosecution of the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars, his leadership was often misguided, and during the Sino-Japanese War he was once withdrawn from the front line under the pretense of 'the obligation to have the military status report to the Emperor.'. Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan, 1838-1922 Roger F. Hackett Product Details E-DITION About HUP eBooks $65.00 54.95 60.00 ISBN 9780674284593 Publication Date: 01/01/1971 377 pages World Available from De Gruyter Media Requests: publicity_hup@harvard.edu Related Subjects HISTORY: General About This Book During his second term as Prime Minister, he ruled that only an active military officer could serve as War Minister or Navy Minister, giving the military power over any future cabinet and effectively removing the military from civilian control. As home minister from 1883 to 1889, he established local government bodies, modernized the police system, and perfected controls over both institutions. As president of the Privy Council from 1909 to 1922, Yamagata remained the power behind the government and dictated the selection of future Prime Ministers until his death. Find Yamagata Aritomo stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Alternate titles: Kshaku Yamagata Aritomo, Professor of History, Sophia University, Tokyo. Emperor Meiji trusted Hiroumi ITO, who was bright, cheerful and calm; Taro KATSURA, who led the Russo-Japanese War; and Kinmochi SAIONJI, who was his childhood friend more than Yamagata, who was disingenuous. To be sure, Yamagata was born to political circumstances that make his huge mark on the world's political scene less than a miraculous feat. As the Imperial Japanese Army's inaugural Chief of Staff, he was . Yamagata in 1877 led the newly modernized Imperial Army against the Satsuma Rebellion led by his former comrade in revolution, Saig Takamori of Satsuma. He was wounded while serving during the Shimonoseki Incident in 1864the bombardment of Chsh by an allied fleet of Western powers that destroyed Japanese defenses. Japanese law required that the ministers of the army and navy must be high-ranking generals and admirals on active duty (not retired). This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. Yamagata like many Japanese was strongly influenced by the striking success of Prussia in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading industrial and military power. He was a commander in the Kiheitai, a paramilitary organization created on semi-western lines by the Chsh domain. He was instrumental in building a modern Japanese army and instituting a system of conscription, and in organizing the police force and a system of local government. He was wounded during the Shimonoseki Incident in 1864, during which an allied fleet of Western powers bombarded the Choshu rebels and defeated them. Isabel and David Crook, Chinese Revolution (1940s). After firing a final barrage of artillery lasting the night, Yamagata's men attacked Saig's position. Tanzan ISHIBASHI, who was a newspaper journalist back then (but later became the Prime Minister) commented on Yamagata's passing saying, 'Death can also be public service.' In 1863, he played an important role as the assistant deputy general of Kihei-tai on behalf of Shinsaku TAKASUGI, who had gone to Shanghai City. In the 'issue regarding the addition of two army divisions' that occurred in 1912, Yamagata issued a written opinion requesting that Yusaku UEHARA, who was the Minister of War in the second Saionji Cabinet, submit a letter of resignation. Isaburo worked at the Privy Council, at the Ministry of Communication and as the governor of Tokushima Prefecture. Introducing Cram Folders! Yamagata played an active role in the bourgeois revolution of 1867-68 (seeMEIJI RESTORATION). Poem about trench warfare. Nevertheless, it is said that many people frowned on these creations because they thought they were the taste of the new rich. While many of Saigo's men desired to make a final stand on the mountain's slopes, their commander wished to continue their retreat back towards their base at Kagoshima. He served as Minister of War and Chief of the General Staff of the Imperial Japanese Army on many occasions, and he was . In 1863 Yamagata was chosen commanding officer of the Kiheitai, the most famous of the irregular troop units formed by the revolutionaries in Choshu. The genr were a subset of the revolutionary leaders who shared common objectives and who by about 1880 had forced out or isolated the other original leaders. During the l. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's Fight Against The British Rule Gandhi is widely known for defeating the British empire without any cruelty. Soon after the certain serious incident of the Imperial Court, Yamagata died in despair. Select from premium Yamagata Aritomo of the highest quality. He became a member of the Sonno joi (Revere the emperor! Yamagata Aritomo (14 June 1838 - 1 February 1922) was Prime Minister of Japan from 24 December 1889 to 6 May 1891, succeeding Sanjo Sanetomi and preceding Matsukasa Masayoshi and from 8 November 1898 to 19 October 1900, succeeding Okuma Shigenobu and preceding Ito Hirobumi. After the emperor was restored in 1868, Yamagata worked steadily to strengthen the military. Below is the article summary. After participating in the Meiji Restoration, he went abroad to research military institutions, returning to become commander of an imperial force of 10,000 troops. Half of the members of his second Cabinet were generals and admirals, and with their support Yamagata accelerated his expansionist policy in Asia. Yamagata Aritomo also warns against the danger of "race mixing," which he believes will lead to the decline of the Japanese people. Yamagata selectively let military personnel from the former Choshu domain take important positions; this behavior was called Chobatsu (the Chochu clique), and a considerable part of the population did not like what he did. Arimitsu served as a colonel in the army and a general in the 21st Air Brigade. Yamagata was strongly influenced by Prussian military and political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home. See also Meiji Constitution; Meiji period. This led to a situation where the majority of cities other than major ones such as Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya became single-member constituencies due to their small populations. Yamagata was taught academics by his father Aritoshi. The Coming Race War: And Other Apocalyptic Tales of America after Affirmative Action and Welfare on JSTOR Journals and books Journals and books Richard Delgado With an Introduction by Andrew Hacker Copyright Date: 1996 Published by: NYU Press Pages: 216 https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qgbx9 Select all Front Matter (pp. Although his original class was as low as that of a footman, participation in Kihei-tai, an unconventional battalion led by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, gave him an opportunity to succeed (It is believed that he wouldn't have been able to succeed if he, as one from a chugen family, had been born in a different domain. Yamagata's mother died when he was 4 years old, and he was raised by his strict grandmother. In 1891, he resigned to become a genro (an oligarch). The 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan marked the inclusion of Japan into the unfortunate side of this equation. Genro, an oligarch In early 1871, when a force of about 10,000 men drawn from the feudal armies was organized, Yamagata was promoted to vice minister of military affairs. Significance-Showed communist ideals spreading and the potential positive effects it could have. Serving in a succession of senior posts, he was the prime architect of the modern Japanese army, shaping a mass conscript army . He began his career as an errand boy of the treasury office and an informer in the police administration. In response to a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany and France in May, 1895, after Japan's victory over China, he negotiated a compromise with Russia in which the Korean peninsula was divided. A samurai of Choshu, he took part in the Meiji restoration. Q2 1. His promotion to field marshal in 1898 affirmed his preeminent position in Japans military and political life. He became the Prime Minister in 1889. Letter sent by soldiers to families. While police forces across the nation are partly responsible for setting this conflict in motion, they are not the true enemy in this fight. General Yamagata Aritomo was a former Chsh clansleader, and the current commander-in-chief of the Imperial Meiji Army and Ministry of War. In 1873, with the help of the restoration hero Saigo Takamori, who wielded great influence in the army, Yamagata introduced a system of conscription. Read reviews from world's largest community for readers. His father was a low-ranking samurai who carried weaponry during wartime and was a petty official at the town magistrate office (machi-bugy-sho) during peacetime. Yamagata, exhausted by party strife, resigned as prime minister in 1891, but served as Minister of Justice (189293) and president of the Privy Council (189394) and retained the honorific title of a member of the genr (elder statesmen), an informal body of confidential advisers to the Emperor. With their modern weapons and tactics, Yamagata's army of former peasants won victory after victory, proving once and for all that the age of the samurai was over. The army minister, General Uehara Ysaku, resigned when the cabinet would not grant him the budget he wanted. It also helped to establish his leadership in the army. However, considering the fact that there were strong forces that tried to bring Yamagata down by taking that incident as an opportunity, and since the public strongly supported that movement, this incident seems to show that overwhelming numbers of people disliked him. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. However, Emperor Showa respected Yamagata as a military man. Yamagata also served as President of the Privy Council from 1893 to 1894 and 1905 to 1922. With the help of the restoration hero Saig Takamori, who wielded great influence in the army, Yamagata succeeded in introducing conscription. In 1877 Saig and his adherents in western Kyushu rose against the government, and Yamagata headed the expeditionary forces that put down the revolt. Updates? born Aug. 3, 1838, Hagi, Japan died Feb 1, 1922, Tokyo First prime minister under Japan s parliamentary regime (1889-91, 1898-1900). During his first term from December 24, 1889, to May 6, 1891, he became the first prime minister compelled to share power with a partially-elected Imperial Diet under the Meiji Constitution which took effect in 1890. On the Left: They have a higher average education level, which could be useful for designing bombs and. The defeat opened Yamagatas eyes to the superiority of the Western military system and convinced the leaders of the Sonn Ji movement that their antiforeign policy was doomed to failure unless Japan acquired efficient modern armament equal to that of the Western powers. Significance-Shows why Britain was colonizing many places and is example of White Man's Burden. In 1864 Western gunboats bombarded the Chshu coast, convincing him of the need for modern armaments. The Yamagata family is said to be from the Tada family of the Seiwa-Genji clan, but this has not been verified. In July, 2019, police officers responding to a racist graffiti incident in Baltimore County, Maryland, encountered swastikas, as well as a phrase new to them: "Race War Now." In New York, the DMV canceled a Queens resident's vanity license plate in November 2018; the plate read "GTKRWN," an acronym for . Gensui Prince Yamagata Aritomo , also known as Prince Yamagata Kysuke, During the latter part of the Meiji Era, Yamagata vied against Marquess It Hirobumi for control over the nation's policies. [9][pageneeded]. In 1869 Yamagata was selected by the government together with Saig Tsugumichi to visit Europe and research European military systems. Throughout his long career, he amassed extensive leadership experience managing battlefield strategy and other military-related issues as the acting War Minister and Commanding General during the First Sino-Japanese War; the Commanding General of the Japanese First Army during the Russo-Japanese War; and as the Chief of the General Staff Office in Tokyo. [13], As Yamagata had no children, he adopted a nephew, the second son of his eldest sister, to be his heir. Called the Plan of National Defense for the Empire, it played a substantial part in the entry of Japan into World War II. When the Chinese revolution broke out in 1911, he endeavoured to help sustain the Qing dynasty, and soon after the outbreak of World War I he succeeded in transforming the agreement with tsarist Russia into the military pact. In order to pass a budget for the fiscal year 1891 (beginning in April), he had to negotiate with a liberal majority in the House of Representatives, the elected lower house of the Diet. Yamagata wears a brown military uniform, and a brown cloak. Free Shakespeare on the Radio: Richard II. In Shoins writing, Yamagata was first mentioned in the letter written to Misono KISHI on November 12, 1857. Wanted to get rid of half-caste kids in India in order to keep societies separated. In October 1900, unable to deal with a financial crisis brought on by military expansion or with the problem of the division of China by foreign powers after the Boxer Rebellion, Yamagata and his Cabinet resigned. Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922) was the third and ninth prime minister of Japan and one of the foremost of the Meiji oligarchs that created the modern nation of Japan.Among Yamagata's many achievements he was the chief architect of the modern Japanese army, and as the most senior of the oligarchs following the death of Ito Hirobumi, Yamagata was unquestionably the most powerful man . November 2, 1877: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, August 5, 1895: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flower, Order of the Golden Kite, and Marquis, June 3, 1902: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, September 21, 1907: Grand Cordon of the Collar of the Chrysanthemum, First-Class Order of the Golden Kite, and Prince. On March 10, 1900, he strengthened the suppression of political activities and labor campaigns by establishing the Security Police Law, which stipulated the political organization and meeting reporting system; the right to break up political organizations or meetings; the prohibition of political activities by military, police, religionists, educators, females, those who were under age and those who were deprived of public rights; the limitation on soliciting for labor unions; and the prohibition of strikes. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Yamagata disliked party politics and continued to oppose national diet political forces (a doctrine of superiority). These are the adherents of a. Carl T. Rowan has spent his entire life fighting for racial justice. Sent to Europe in 1869 by the government to research European military systems. The Coming Race War Won't Be About Race. Yamagata was awarded the rank of field marshal in 1898. and contributed to the coming of the Second World War. In 1921, however, he meddled in the crown princes marriage and was publicly censured. Led to expansion into Manchuria. Yamagata did his best to check the power of the rising political parties and to remove the bureaucracy from their control. . One of the reasons why it was During the late 1800s and early 1900s, The scramble for Africa, or known as the European Imperialism was at its peak in Europe. He studied military science in Europe and returned in 1870 to head the war ministry. In politics he was more conservative than his contemporary It Hirobumi, favouring a strong executive. The incident convinced him that the popular troops he led were superior to the regular army of the northern domains and that the countrys security would best be safeguarded by a system of universal obligatory military service. He served, however, as minister of justice (189293) and president of the Privy Council (189394) and remained a member of the genro (elder statesmen), an informal body of confidential advisers to the emperor. Said everything was ok but had secret messages telling how it really was. All the genr served at various times as cabinet ministers, and most were at times prime minister. During his first term, from December 24, 1889, to May 6, 1891, the Imperial Rescript on Education was issued. This Imperial Force was later renamed the Imperial Guard (Konoe), and Yamagata became its commander. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. [11] After the assassination of It Hirobumi in 1909, Yamagata became the most influential statesman in Japan and remained so until his death in 1922,[12] although he retired from active participation in politics after the Russo-Japanese War. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"History 1682 Final Readings","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/history-1682-final-readings-2376128","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Although he was not held legally responsible (because Wasuke of Yamashiroya had suppressed the evidence), he resigned in order to take responsibility for that incident. Add to folder Honda Toshiaki, A Secret Plan of Government (1798). As prime minister, his policies were expansionist; Japan sent the largest of all foreign forces to China to quell the Boxer Rebellion. He studied military science in Europe and returned in 1870 to head the war ministry. It might be outdated or ideologically biased. Prince Katsura Tar ( , 4 January 1848 - 10 October 1913) was a Japanese politician and general of the Imperial Japanese Army who served as the Prime Minister of Japan from 1901 to 1906, from 1908 to 1911, and from 1912 to 1913. After returning to Japan, he carried out the wish of Masujiro OMURA, who had been assassinated, and implemented the conscription system (the Conscription Ordinance). Saionji sought to replace him. In 1877, Saigo Takamori and his adherents in Satsuma rose against the government in the Satsuma Rebellion, and Yamagata led his army of conscripts against a force of approximately 40,000 samurai led by Saigo Takamori. Drive out the barbarians!) movement, a group of loyalists who opposed the growth of foreign influence under the shogunate. Talks about his own community and how Europeans took their land. Yamagata Aritomo in Hagi; 1. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). From 1903 until 1909 he and Ito Hirobumi alternately occupied the office of president of the Privy Council. More conservative than It Hirobumi, who had drafted the Japanese constitution, Yamagata proposed to the first Diet that Japan should expand its dominion over part of the Asian continent. Yamagatas second cabinet was organized in November 1898. Yamagata Aritomo can be seen as . Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Eventually, he formed the 'The Yamagata Bureaucratic Faction' across the Army, Ministry of Inner Affairs, Imperial Household Ministry and Privy Council in order to facilitate his involvement in politics by becoming a supporter of Taro KATSURA and Masatake TERAUCHI in the Army as well as of government bureaucrats such as Keigo KIYOURA and Tosuke HIRATA. After returning to Japan in 1870, he became secretary to the vice minister of military affairs. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. His forces defeated Saig Takamoris rebellion in 1877. Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman (eds. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Coming Race . Yamagata, who became special ambassador to Moscow in 1896, helped reach a compromise with Russia regarding the two countries interests on the Korean peninsula. He resigned in October 1900. In 1900, he ruled that only an active military officer could serve as War Minister or Navy Minister, giving the military control over any future cabinet and effectively removing the military from civilian control. He was born in a family of the chugen rank (a rank below that of the common soldier) of the domain of Choshu. Also, because political parties started to develop in villages it was assumed that he let the conventional foundation collapse and facilitated the development of assembly members who incorporated the intentions of the national government or city governments by changing constituencies or easing qualifications for payment of the national tax. In this letter, Shoin made inquiries about Yamagata, saying, 'I am not sure who Aritomo is,' suggesting that Yamagata and Shoin had no acquaintance with each other before Yamagata entered the juku. Although Aritoshi was a petty town magistrate official, he studied kokugaku, wrote poetry, and excelled in academics. Aritomo Yamagata was born the son of a low-ranking samurai family on April 22, 1838, in Hagi, the castle town of Choshu domain. However, Kinmochi SAIONJI, who was from a noble family, did not express his feelings like Kei HARA did, but it is believed that he shared Hara's feelings toward Yamagata. In 1889, after surveying systems of local government in Europe for a year, he returned to Japan to become the first prime minister under the countrys newly established parliamentary system. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. More conservative than Ito Hirobumi, who drafted the Japanese constitution, Yamagata proposed to the first Diet that Japan should expand its dominion over part of the Asian continent. He also ordered the construction of Shoto-an in Oiso Town and Koki-an, in Odawara City. [7] His childhood name was Tatsunosuke, after which he was briefly known as Kosuke and Kysuke, before changing his name to Aritomo after the Meiji Restoration.[8]. Yamagata was born on August 3, 1838, in Hagi, Japan. Slipping through the fog, they managed to elude Imperial troops and escaped. He went to Shokasonjuku, a private school run by Yoshida Shin, where he was active in the growing underground movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. Eva Peron believed women should be at home. A noted example is the garden of the villa Murin-an in Kyoto. Early in 1871, a force of about 10,000 men drawn from the feudal armies was organized, and Yamagata was promoted to Vice Minister of Military Affairs. The ranks and orders that he earned were Marshal, General of the Army, Juichii (Junior First Rank), Order of the Chrysanthemum, Golden Pheasant decoration, and Prince. In the twentieth century their power diminished because of deaths and quarrels among themselves, and the growing political power of the Army and Navy. Yamagata Aritomo, The Coming Race War (1914-15). Without a rival after Its assassination in 1909, Yamagata led Japan as a virtual dictator, backed by the military and the bureaucracy under his influence. Yamagata was from a family of the lowest samurai rank in the Chsh domain, a region of western Japan strongly opposed to the Tokugawa military dictatorship that ruled Japan from the early 17th century until the Meiji Restoration of 1868 reestablished the formal authority of the emperor. He was the third and ninth Prime Minister. Updates? Omissions? In a different newspaper, Yamagata's funeral was ridiculed as 'a state funeral without the public.'. Yamagata is a crafty man, since he was able to survive the turmoil at the . Because the Japanese army was not yet ready for war against China, he had opposed the Formosa expedition, and, in order to allay his opposition, the government reluctantly promoted . the Japanese Cinderella stories, the letters of Yamagata Aritomo, Sgi's pilgrimage diary of 1480, and the Echigo war of 1868. World War III is ComingAnd So is the Draft Already, the forces of Russia, China, and Iran are conducting joint naval drills, Russian and American forces have already brawled with each other in. Japanese nationalism and militarism Roots of militarism Yamagata Aritomo - Imperial Rescript (1898), Meiji Constitution = only answerable to emperor Victory = 1876 Opening of Korea, 1894-5 Sino-JP war, 1904-5 Russo JP war, (+ South Manchuria Railway Zone, 100k troops of Kwantung army) Siberian Expedition 1918-22 Meiji restoration elevated status of Japan as an imperial When the Boxer Rebellion broke out in China, Yamagata, at Great Britains request, dispatched the largest of the foreign contingents that were sent to put down the uprising. He consistently opposed the creation of a genuine Cabinet. His Japanese decorations included the Order of the Golden Kite (1st class), Order of the Rising Sun (1st class with Paulownia Blossoms, Grand Cordon) and the Order of the Chrysanthemum. He increased the autonomy of the military and tried to suppress an incipient social-labour movement. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Yamagata commanded the Japanese First Army. At the first meeting of the Imperial Diet, he made an administrative policy speech and claimed that it was necessary to increase the military budget in order to keep both the 'sovereign line' (the border) and the 'interest line' (Korean peninsula). Bestselling author Bill O'Reilly is out there ready to expose the vicious cover up of white kids getting beat up in Obama's America using his television program to push the story of Dave . Author of. Each answer should be at least 150 words. GKE1: Task 2 Themes in U.S. $ World History Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Please sign in to share these flashcards. Yamagata continued to be a powerful voice in Japanese politics. Yamagata saw to that a century ago. The Coming Race War in America names and pinpoints the issues that are . In 1882, he became president of the Board of Legislation (Sanjiin) and as Home Minister (188387) he worked vigorously to suppress political parties and repress agitation in the labor and agrarian movements. Juan and Eva Pern, The Perns Justify Their Regime (1944-1951). In May 1895, after its victory over China, Japan was confronted by a combined Russian-German-French diplomatic intervention. He established local government bodies based on the prefecture-county-city structure still in use in Japan, modernized the Japanese police system, and regularized controls over both institutions. During the latter part of the Meiji Era, Yamagata vied against Marquess It Hirobumi for control over the nation's policies. The Imperial Navy deployed for the first time to the South Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean and the army occupied Shandong, China, and Siberia. Yamagata Aritomo and the police chief then arrive on the scene. He anticipated a recurrence of war between Japan and Russia and prepared a contingency plan for war with the United States and Russia, which eventually played a substantial part in the entry of Japan into World War II. He also organized a system of local administration, based on a prefecture-county-city structure which is still in use in Japan today. While serving his second term as president in 1907, he was elevated to the peerage and received the title of koshaku (prince) under the Japanese kazoku system. If you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) growth of foreign influence yamagata aritomo the coming race war the.! Requires login ) Ito Hirobumi alternately occupied the office of President of the Sino-Japanese War of.. World War David Crook, Chinese Revolution ( 1940s ) military man raised by his strict grandmother commanded! 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