Some distance on the way they hear the keerang coming to meet then, cooeeing like the dingo as before, and walking in the usual way. punitive expeditions, and fixes the date at, 48. A complete guide to the Duttons, from 1883 to Yellowstone. It focuses on nurturing the history and culture of the Wonnarua Nation, improving the health and education of its members and managing investments to sustain the Corporation's work. Baime awoke and created everything, the mountains, plains, rivers and every living thing. The Reverend gentleman was assisted by another aborigine, who could understand English, but who being of no religion at all, could not be sworn as. The Kweealbang Camp.-A short digression will now be made for the purpose of describing how the women are released from their prostrate position, and their subsequent proceedings. Free, in-person guidance at any one of over 5,000 FamilySearch centers. They then see two men swing each a goonandhakeea (excretement-eater) on the cleared space beyond the line of fires. The Australian Museum respects and acknowledges the Gadigalpeople as the FirstPeoples and TraditionalCustodians ofthe land and waterways on which theMuseumstands. Venerable men, and men of distinction were buried with much ceremony, but ordinary members of the tribe, and females, were disposed of in a perfunctory man- ner. Naturally they avoided as much as possible the necessity of going through this process. It is on record of authentic nature that incredible crudities were practised upon the poor blacks by some of these hardened wretches. (By WIRRAPIT). Research revealing the rich and complex culture of Aboriginal people in the Port Jackson region. These arrivals generally take place in the afternoon a few hours before sundown. The attire usually consisted of a kangaroo skin tied round the middle with a belt of fibre or sinews. The principal headman then walks along the row of novices, bending down the head of each one until his chin is resting on his breast. In my days they had progressed beyond the stage when they used the old stone tool, The tomahawk of the early days was a good deal different from the one in common use now. Responsibility . The latter, on receiving this token of their concurrence, then selects a suitable plan in some part of his own territory where game is sufficiently plentiful to afford food for his visitors, and there he commences to prepare the ground. A census taken by Dr. McKinlay in the early [1830s] showed that there were about 250 blacks in the valley of the Williams. THE Wonnarua language is more nearly related . The illustration above, Broken Bay [Hawkesbury RIver]Jemmy. Enter the name of family members in the editing box. Doughboy Billy, to whom Mr. Boydell presented a brass plate with the inscription, King of the Tribe, died in the gully behind what is now Mr. R. G. Berrys. Kiripit (now Rawdon Vale) 26 miles west of Glouces- ter, was then a sheep station, managed by Robert Mackenzie, afterwards Sir Robert. The coffin was lifted upon the shoulders. The white men, who are still holding each others hands, swing their arms up and down as. On reaching the weengarah, which would be only a short distance from the camp, the messenger would tell the headman and elders the purport of his mission, and would hand them a white quartz crystal which had been given to him by the chief initiator when dispatching him on this errand. Nor would they return to the original spot for months. The womerah, also common M most aboriginal tribes, was used to give further Impetus to the flight of a spear. Other plants indicated by the literature to have been exploited for food in coastal regions include various fruits (Caswell 1841), including a sort of wild plum (Threlkeld in Gunson 1974:55) and the stalk of the water lily (Scott 1929:41; Fawcett 1898:152). Almost every evening one of the tribes present gets up a corroboree for the amusement of the others. A timeline of Australian Museum exhibitions, events, cultural object and policies connected to Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. At Port Stephens they called it the poombit though generally it is spoken of as the bora. On the flat there was an oval cleared space with a banked-up margin, and in the centre of it a heaped-up conical shaped fire. Choose the design that fits your site. Ro, Cookies help us deliver our services. A row of wooden forks, about 4 or 5 feet high, are first inserted in the ground, and saplings laid from fork to fork, resembling a fence with only one top rail. Wildlife dwindled. The corpse was neatly encased in a sheet of bark (paper-bark) stripped from the giant tl-tree (Melaleuca) and bound with vines from the scrub. During the day-time the novices are sometimes allowed to sit up, keeping their eyes towards the ground, but are not allowed to speak to anyone. The other piece would be thinner, and rounded In a blunt point. The Wonnarua. river was deep in those days), and would climb along a steep bank hanging on by the skin of their teeth. The novices are now given a new name, and are permitted to mix with the men, but must not go among the women until they have attended a few more keeparras, and have lost their boyish voice. Sometimes, when a man was wracked with an internal spasm, he would have his wife pere-ally for him, an operation carried out in the following manner. My fathers name was called first, followed by quite a number of others, when suddenly, on a certain name being mentioned, the bearers of the body lurched forward as though the corpse had moved. Some of the English has been edited to modern equivalents, for example, Jew-Lizard becomes Eastern Water Dragon. %PDF-1.3 The fight then began. Change the target language to find translations. We arrived at 4 p.m. and found Messrs. Jenkin and Swayne had returned from Lawlers and had found the whole flock of sheep, missing and all the people much scared. The result was deadly to the natives. The Gloucester Advocate (NSW : 1905 - 1954) Tue 7 Mar 1939 Page 4 Old Days and Blacks. The Gringai had a great dread of thunder and believed it to be the demonstration of the anger of some supernatural being rebuking them for some impropriety. On the north, the Manning for some distance bounded this territory and they occupied the country as far west as the Barrington Tops, which, according to the old residents of the Upper Allyn River, they visited in summer time. There was, I knew, another and more pregnant reason that no one would disclose. But very seldom did they eat them raw. Fitzpatric seems to play down the extent of these engagements. . Capture of women from other tribes and elopements were common. Although there was some kind of communal ownership of everything about the camp, there was a distinct proprietary interest by individuals in certain things, particularly weapons. He was a passenger in the steamer by which the prisoner had been forwarded from Newcastle, and the latter was then not only in a complete state of nudity, but the irons with which he was fettered had, from neglect, cut his ankles to the bone, and rendered his situation both painful and distressing. "There seems to be some sort of view that Indigenous groups need to be reaching consensus on all matters," he said. If the earth is damp, owing to recent rains, pieces of bark stripped from the adjacent trees, or heaps of bushes, are laid on the ground for the women to lie on. I was working at Irwins once and remember the [women] coming down opposite Tillegra house. The fire-making sticks they used were usually parts of the dried stem of the grass-tree (pummirri). The meat was cooked in the most primitive fashion. He came straight up to the group, and within a dozen or so paces of us, threw on the ground his spears and boomerangs. Excellence, E: Emailsingleton-h.school@det.nsw.edu.au. His audience would listen intently until they had mastered the words, the tune and all the business that went with it. The bark would be stripped carefully from the tree and soaked in water until the outer portions could be readily scraped off with a shell. The boys of each tribe sit on the side of the ring nearest the country they have come from. Birds were easily secured and were an abundant part of the daily meal. And, no matter where he deposited his store, nor how many knew of its existence, the weapons were never touched again until the owner removed them. The Kabook and Watoo people are West and South bordering the Wonnarura area. The men now enter the ring, and dance round a few times, shouting out the names of remarkable places, after which all hands walk away to their respective camps. There is one chorus that I well remember, for it was sung nightly, over and over again, by the whole tribe. The women would be on the look out for the shining, shimmering mass of fish to come round some wooded headland, and when their shrill outcries told of the approach of the finny prey, the men would rush to the shore. She then passed the crossed ends of the cords rapidly to and fro between her closed lips until the blood, drawn by the friction dropped freely into the water, discolouring it to a crimson fluid. Some are said to have survived the operation for three days. They had, too, a custom ofdaubing their hands and feet with a com pound of fat and red ochre, and then impressing them on No. Whatever number of animals were required for the feast would be selected and openedThe paunch would be ripped open and it s con tents of undigested grass devoured with the greatest relish. The attack on the solitary shepherds was tragically successful and five fell victims to the vengeance of the natives,. Material on this site has different rights, uses, and permissions associated with it. The novices are not allowed to leave the camp, but must sit in the shelter all day with their eyes cast down, some of their guardians remaining with them. The mothers are painted on the chest and arms, and are invested with their personal adornments. This is said to be done to cause the novices hands and arms to grow stronger. After the formalities of their reception have been gone through, the new arrivals, who are not painted black on this occasion, ask some of the other men to accompany them a little way from the camp, where they hold a consultation as to the date on which the novices will be taken to the kweealbang. Its flat top can still be seen to this day, near Wollombi Valley. They were a happy lot, the children, tumbling about with little regard to cleanliness as we knew it, and as healthy as could be. They then march on quickly, and on arriving at the kweealbang they disband, the men and novices belonging to each tribe taking up their position on the side which is in the direction of their country. Some with animals, others with birds and hands cut out of the bark. Owing to the humming noise which they have themselves been making, and the quiet manner in which the men and boys have come in, such of the younger women who have not been to a keeparra before are surprised to see the cordon of white men standing around them. Two old men, and two of the elder women, now go inside the ring, of men and boys, and walk round - a man and a woman going one way, and the other man and woman going in the contrary direction. Receive the latest news on events, exhibitions, scienceresearch and specialoffers. On arriving at the circle they walked once round it, and then entered it through the opening in its wall, the women at the same time going out of it by stepping over the embankment at the other end, where they remained as spectators. The bull-roarer was attached to about 1.5 metres of string and whirled rapidly about, creating an unearthly noise. [citation needed], It was forbidden to mention or talk about the name of Baiame publicly. The men invariably carried their tomahawks In their belts, and a piece of grass- tree gum, which latter seemed to be an indispensable part of their equipment This exudation of the pummirri had so many uses that no blackfellow could be without his supply ready at hand. He is always painted in front view; Dharramalan is drawn in profile. I happened to have a few emu feathers stuck in the band of my hat as an ornament. Indeed the men would never discuss them at all. His shepherds were all assigned convicts. This noise they kept up sans intermission. Mary Gilmore and her father saw the blacks get one of these logs in place. The Keeparra Ceremony of Initiation. Shortly there was. That, so far as I can recollect, concluded that particular ceremony. . I have seen small nails used for tipping spears, lances made in this fashion being particularly dead- ly. Dungog is a corruption of Toongang, the blacks name for the locality [that] means bare hill.. Illustration from Notes on the Aborigines of New South Wales - Plate 9 Bull-roarers used by the Australian Aborigines source: Wikicommons. One of them at last got up, took a sheet of bark, laid it across the grave, and stretched himself upon, it, crying pitifully. They could throw their little spears with deadly accuracy; they could use a shield with the skill of their fathers. The digging of the grave being finished, the sexton went to some of the youngest and freshest trees, breaking off the small branches with leaves, and proceeded to line the grave with them, which being done a brother of the deceased was desired to [ensure] the grave was comfortable, which he did by lying in, it in the posture in which the deceased was to be placed. He is a Koori Discover your family history. Open Microsoft Word, click then insert menu and then choose SmartArt graphics. the slightly curved weapon, utilised for striking down game of all descriptions, and the sharply curved var- iety which would return to the thrower. This also made it easier for the maker to scrape the billet down to the required thick- ness with the crude tools at his command. What huge quantities of fish these blacks could eat! The Dutton Family Tree, Explained. It was marvellous how swiftly the blacks could climb by means of these tiny notches literally swarming up the smooth tall trunk. on which a few embers were always burning. Members are despatched to summon tribes from far and near, and on their return full preparations are made for the celebration, a place being selected and a day appointed. On the bank of the Kerripit almost in front of the homestead at Stobo lie the remains of these old-time shepherds. This activity was to keep them from being aware that their boys were being taken stealthily from the kackaroo to the goonambang. If a wanton slayer of the [womens] sacred bird were detected in his crime, the women would give way to outbursts of furious passion. must be carried bv them, when going from place to place, till they again meet their brothers at the kweealbang. In travelling from place to place a fire-stick was always carried, the brand being whirled and twisted so that it would not go out. The inner part, the inside of the craft, would of course be the naturally smooth sappy portion. Contact Us Some of the men go to the goonambang and camp there, and during the night they swing a bull-roarer at intervals, and the women at the kackaroo beat their rugs and sing in response, whilst the men give the customary shout. I set out, accompanied by Messrs. Donelan, Stacy and Jenkin to Lawlers, and found Delaney very weak from loss of blood, having been speared in both arms completely through one the spear having touched his side. One of our blacks asked me to give it up but rather than part with it I decided to let them finish their celebrations in peace The initiation of the novices was a memorable and important event. The Tribal group I belong to are known as the Gringai Clan and are a part of the Wonnarua people in general. Return of the Boys.- A start is now made towards the womens camp, all the men and boys leaving the kweealbang in single file. Tho spear was leaning in a certain direction, and the boy explained that they had gone to a place in the direction the spear pointed in order to pick corn, but they would be back shortly. It was their only bridge, and all their children went to school over it. Always my requests to be informed what they contained or what they meant were met with blank refusals. Respect . A circle of eighty to ninety feet in diameter was dug, or scratched, on a level piece of ground, leaving a space of four or five feet undisturbed to enter the circle by. The congestion, the Insanitary conditions that obtained, and an entire lack of appreciation of the necessity for isolation caused the disease to spread with disturbing rapidity. After the morning meal has been disposed of, all the young men, accompanied by some of the old fellows, again start away to the goonambang, carrying their spears and other weapons with them, and coinmence painting their bodies jet black with powdered charcoal and. Then there was a big log near Mr. Fitzgeralds or Lowerys, which may have been cut by the pioneers themselves. We would like to acknowledge the Wonnarua people who are the traditional custodians of this land. [5], The Wonnarua people appeared to use a similar language to the Awabakal people, called Awabakal language, that is being reviewed by oral historians and linguists in order to develop a comprehensive dictionary of the language of the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie regions. Hence the name Baal Belbora. They ascended the lofty Mackenzie Table land and located the first body of fugitive natives camped on the northern face of the mountain on a narrow shelf above a gigantic cliff which overhung a tangled mass of brush and vines. From E. M. McKinlay, Esq., J.P., and C. L. Brown, Esq., Magistrates in the District of Dungog 1845:- https://goo.gl/UqHQ93 :p27. 3.- The greatest decrease has been among children and women. The belt and four tails or kilts are now put upon each boy, as well as head-bands, and bands across the body. Macarty then took the whites and put us across the creek where the dam now is. The seeds of Zamia spiralis [a species of cycad] were soaked in a creek or swamp for several weeks, pounded and then roasted (Threlkeld in Gunsom 1974:55; Backhouse 1843:380). Now such doings as have been reported of Mr F t (and I can prove that on one occasion lately he said in presence of some white people, when a poor blackfellow came and insisted on taking home his wife, that he would not give her up although the Governor himself came in person and ordered it). . The [deceaseds] father and mother stayed for some days by the grave, making the top of it their bed; the mother never left it for some days after, and was found dead by a relation at the place, the cause being undoubtedly grief. If these people, after deliberation among themselves, decide to accept the invitation, they give the messenger another. [11] As at 2009, the Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation (WNAC) had three arrangements in place under Native Title and was planning to develop more. The flying-foxes would be thrown on a fire to cook, and strangely enough when roasted properly in aboriginal fashion, proved quite tasty. Hurst wrote that fatal disease, introduced by licentious Europeans interfered with the natural source of supply and increase. There followed a quiet space for a little time when suddenly the men returned ( with loud triumphal cries, having in their midst the boys they had supposedly sought. The mother of each novice, before leaving the kackaroo, picks some small green bushes, which she ties on the top end of her yamstick. Baime also created Kawal (Ka-wal), to watch over the Wonnarua people. What was the nature of this preliminary induction I was never able to learn, But their period of probation must have been a trying one indeed. One of the first settlers was a man named Nolan, who set out to graze sheep. But one and all appeared greatly relieved to see the boys safe and sound in the midst of the men. The sisters of each boy then go up to him, and rub their feet on his ankles. They also believed that the koradji were possessed of wonderful supernatural powers and besides bringing disaster to others could affect cures of all manner of ills among theIr own tribe. News - significant events and disasters. Lyn MacBain, who hasstudied local history in Singleton for the past 30 years, said the homestead should stay put. This Flash Tommy used to put on a long white shirt and walk up and down the town saying he was Tommy Gorton. Mr Gorton was the Magistrate at the time. As the smoke swirled and eddied about his curly head, the silence was broken as though this had been the signal for speech. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites ! The third difficulty is the racist presumptions of some of these texts. bUB 3H LB[ *Lzp+Fi= Robert Syron, The Kabook and Watoo People of the Gringai Barrington River Gloucester, NSW https://goo.gl/MfqAYm (SYR). [There was] a fight between the Wallamba tribe and a portion of the Kabook (Gloucester, Barrington, Rawdon Vale tribes). He said the absence of a recognised native title holder, as was the case in the Hunter Valley, couldfurther complicate claims. This only lasts a few minutes and then all the men follow after the novices. [The canoes] were generally 15 feet long, and with a fair beam, required some handling by an amateur. 27 Philip Street Sydney N. S. Wales 1820. would be launched, wreaking deadly destruction in the ranks of the unsuspecting prey. This template also provides some clues as to where the . These men were not allowed possession of fire arms. The novices are conducted along the pathway to the goonambang, and are placed sitting down on a couch of small bushes and, Figure 10: Bull-roarers. The tail of a squirrel or opossum has previously been fastened on the side of this hole by one of the men, unknown to the boys, to convey the idea that the rest of the animal is within. They seemed always to regard life as a huge joke to be enjoyed to the utmost. "It offers insights into the contestation between the traditional dwellers and early colonisation, the contestation between master and convict, the contestation between the land, agricultureand industry," she said. WNAC focuses on nurturing the history and culture of the Wonnarua Nation, improving the wellbeing of its members and managing investments to sustain the . The usual heap of earth on which the fire is kept burning was in the centre of this enclosure. At various times they were ordered to assume uncomfortable positions and to remain so until the sun crossed the sky. sunrise, one of the headmen pretends to see a large brown squirrel [possum] going into a hole in a tree growing near the camp, and asks one of the men to catch it. to retire to the river he did not notice that a badly wounded man was left on the field, until he saw a Wallamba man rush out of the scrub and kill him with a nullah. When asked by the manager why he did such a thing the Wallamba man said, I finis him, and ran off again and thus ended the battle of Gloucester, which after all appears to have been a battle of words and much abuse, and not much else. This nomadic minstrel was a most important individual, posturing, gesticulating and leaping about the fitful flames of the camp fire he would sing, over and over again, his latest melody, which usually had to do with some well known incident. These fire-brands, renewed as often as necessary. Join the community of family history enthusiasts and FamilySearch employees to ask questions and discuss potential product enhancements. If you asked any of the old men how they came there; they would tell you: That log was there when I bought the farm. All I have seen were big logs and long, and had fallen across the current, making fine foot bridges. After they have qualified themselves by passing through all the stages of probation attached to the initiation ceremonies of their tribe, the novices are allowed to take a wife from among those women whom the class laws permit them to marry. It is popularly known as the Baiame Cave and is part of a series of rock shelters on an area of 80 hectares. The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people. | The mothers wave their yamsticks, and when the men and boys come near, the women shout, and throw pieces of bark over the mens heads. men acting as general advisers, but by what authority I never knew. There were formerly several marked trees, around the goonambang, but they have all been burnt down and destroyed by bushfires. Two young Blacks who made a nuisance of themselves by continually begging for food at a certain accommodation house on Fosterton Road, were easily disposed of a little poison was put in their food. As soon as the mothers are covered over, they are directed to continue making a low humming or buzzing sound, in order that they may not hear the guardians taking away the novices. The Blacks of Dungog, Port Stephens and Gresford. Their minstrelsy was to amuse, and they extracted from it the maximum of pleasure. It could hardly be said that they had any conception of a God, yet they feared, and feared profoundly, some terrible invisible being they named Cooen supposedly capable of exercising a maleficent influence over their lives. Wonnarua Nation Strategic Plan 2009-2012 - https://goo.gl/HVVNFo. How he, or she, was dealt with I was never able to discover. Renowned historian and Wonnarua descendant, James Miller explains in his book Koori a Will to Win: The spirit of Baime is depicted on a cave overlooking the Valley at Milbrodale painted more than 3000 years ago. Then they advance a few paces, and stamp one foot on the ground, and the hosts answer heh! Some time ago I despatched two of the Mounted Police to put in force a warrant issued by Mr G. Rowley, J.P, against three black fellows who assaulted and beat a man in charge of sheep who endeavoured to protect his masters property ; but these sable thieves being apprised of the troopers approach collected to the number of thirty or forty, and having amongst them at least a dozen muskets and plenty of ammunition, which the settlers most improperly [supplied them], they resisted and the soldiers were fain to retreat, which they did with much difficulty, not until several shots were exchanged, the troopers cartridge box wrenched from his person, and his arm wounded with a tomahawk. As James Miller explains in his bookKoori a Will to Win, The land held the key to lifes secrets. When such a contingent gets within about a days journey of the main camp, a messenger is sent on to report that they will arrive next day or the day following. A. 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