During a greeting ritual, the person who has entered the contact answers a series of questions about his or her whole family, from the person who was already there. Such persons must submit to a number. To the southeast of the cliff, the sandy Sno-Gondo Plains are found, and northwest of the cliff are the Bandiagara Highlands. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. A man may now sell a field allotted to him in the distribution of ginna property, but the sale is always revocable, and the ginna may recover the property upon the death of the seller through the reimbursement of the purchase price to the buyer. After his election, he has to follow a six-month initiation period, during which he is not allowed to shave or wash. This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family. Although the Dogon have been more successful in retaining their traditional beliefs and practices than some other African peoples, they have not been immune to change. Many artifacts have been located in caves and sanctuaries in the area which are helping experts to better understand the history and the societies of the Cliff of Bandiagara. The Dogon are a group of about 250,000 people who live primarily in the districts of Bandiagara and Douentza in the western African nation of Mali. During the yincomoli ceremony, a gourd is smashed over the deceased's wooden bowl, hoe, and bundukamba (burial blanket). Since the late 20th century, the Dogon have developed peaceful trading relationships with other societies and have thereby increased variety in their diets. Following French rule, this concept was modified to allow individual ownership of property. The authority of the household unit is vested in the father, who controls both the economic and ceremonial functions of the family and demands unquestioning obedience from his offspring. There are three principal AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Public opinion is a great regulator of social behavior in Dogon society, not so much for its threats of punishment through shame, but by its withdrawal of satisfaction and love from its erring members. In the past the Dogon were considered a warlike people; they often fought with other Dogon districts as well as with their non-Dogon neighbors such as the Fulani. All initiated Dogon men participate in Awa, with the exception of some caste members. Orientation Masked Dancers of West Africa: The Dogon. The Dogon attribute illness to a variety of causes, such as the weakening of the vital life force (nyama), the creation of a state of impurity in the individual through the influences of evil spirits, violation of a taboo or prohibition, and sorcery. A younger brother is first in line to inherit all collective property, followed by the eldest son. Expert Answer Introduction. Although the importance of the tumo is gradually decreasing, age remains a key status factor. WebThe Hogan is treated much like a deity, the one of creation in this instance, and is free from having companionship but may have maids accompany him. Davis, Shawn R. Dogon Funerals in African Art; Summer 2002, Vol. Some young men will hunt for small game, but wild animals are relatively scarce near villages. Morton, Robert (ed.) Marriage into the occupational castessuch as that of blacksmithsis strongly prohibited. Paris: ditions Domat-Montchrestien, F. Loviton. Themes found throughout Dogon sculpture consist of figures with raised arms, superimposed bearded figures, horsemen, stools with caryatids, women with children, figures covering their faces, women grinding pearl millet, women bearing vessels on their heads, donkeys bearing cups, musicians, dogs, quadruped-shaped troughs or benches, figures bending from the waist, mirror-images, aproned figures, and standing figures (Laude, 4652). ', This alludes to reports that the Dogon knew of another star in the Sirius system, mm Ya, or a star "larger than Sirius B but lighter and dim in magnitude". WebThe past century has seen significant changes in the social organization, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, partly because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions. About 1,500 ethnic Dogon in seven villages in southern Mali speak the Bangime language, which is unrelated to the other Dogon languages and presumed by linguists to be an ancient, pre-Dogon language isolate, although a minority of linguists (most notably Roger Blench) hypothesise that it may be related to Proto-Nilo-Saharan.[38]. The mausoleum was built during the reign of Timur, the ruler of the Timurid Empire. This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 14:24. It is generally accepted that the Dogon language belongs to the NigerCongo language family, though the evidence is weak. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. 5 (December 1991), pp. Clusters of from 5 to 6 of these villages center around water holes or wells, and each cluster is referred to as a "canton" or "district." The birth of human twins was celebrated in the Dogon culture in Griaule's day because it recalled the "fabulous past, when all beings came into existence in twos, symbols of the balance between humans and the divine". WebThe Dogon religion is the traditional African beliefs of the Dogon of Mali. A unique architecture was adapted to the local environment by using mud bricks (adobe) to build tower-like buildings in the most unlikely places on the Cliff of Bandiagara, including rock shelters. It is likely that the Dogon of today are descendants of several groups of diverse origin who migrated to escape Islamization. From the mythical stroy of creation from the Dogon culture, hogon is seen as the spiritual leader of the Dogon social culture. 'We have in the Dogon information a predictive mechanism which it is our duty to test, regardless of our preconceptions.' On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. Omissions? [3], The Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, their mask dances, wooden sculpture, and their architecture. ); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City). Another minority practices Christianity. Other crops include sesame, maize, The Iraqi city of Erbil is truly magnificent - and in many ways. The funerary ceremonies of the Dogon consist of two parts: the initial rites, which take place immediately following death and continue for about a week, and the more elaborate dama rites that terminate the mourning period after an indeterminate period of time. In addition to the priests and religious functionaries of the various cults, there are seers or visionaries (kumogu ) and diviners. The village of Songho has a circumcision cave ornamented with red and white rock paintings of animals and plants. 32, No. The yingim and the danyim rituals each last a few days. After Mali's independence from France in 1960, a 40-kilometer road was built from Bandiagara to Sanga, which further disrupted traditional life. Other fauna include crocodiles (in the swampy areas on the plain), reptiles, monkeys, guenons, guinea hens, hyenas, foxes, panthers, rabbits, and small rodents. Nobody should touch the hogon. Their eyes were red, their tongues forked, and their arms flexible and unjointed.[21]. (2008). Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. After initiation, he wears a red cap, and a pearl bracelet. During this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors. Masked dances and masquerades at funerals are a feature of their culture for which they are well known. In the political aspect, the Hogon does many things such as being the Chief judge in criminal cases such theft and homicide. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. The development of tourism in the Dogon Country and the Hombori Mountains (Mali) . Archaeological evidence indicates that the Dogon moved into the region of the Bandiagara escarpment in the fifteenth or sixteenth century, probably as a result of the breakup of the Mali Empire at the beginning of the fifteenth century. Dogon sculptures are not made to be seen publicly, and are commonly hidden from the public eye within the houses of families, sanctuaries, or kept with the Hogon (Laude, 20). Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual, asking the resident how his or her whole family is. Historically, Dogon villages were established in the Bandiagara area a thousand years ago because the people collectively refused to convert to Islam and retreated from areas controlled by Muslims.[5]. 1000-1500 AD, Dogon Sculpture, Mali. Due to the expense, the second traditional funeral rituals, or "damas", are becoming very rare. [22] They were primarily symbolized by the sun, which was a female symbol in the religion. These events are held annually to honor the elders who have died since the last Dama. WebDogon Female Ancestor Sculpture. Signs of other contacts and origins are evident in Dogon art. Circumcision is believed to eliminate the superfluous one. The Dogon numbered 500,000 on the eve of Malis independence on Most young men leave their villages to seek jobs in the cities of Mali and on the Ivory Coast; most of their earnings are sent home to their families. Prior to the birth of the first child, the wife lives at the home of her parents, while her husband continues to reside in the bachelor quarters where he has lived from the age of 8 to 10. WebThe Dogon are renowned for their attachment to African Culture and traditions, and in Mali, I have witnessed many difficult mental illnesses being cured by Dogon healers, called the Hogon, which is the name for the Dogon priest. Unlike norms for the rest of society, parallel-cousin marriage is allowed within castes. The Dogon primarily sell agricultural commodities: onions, grain, cotton, and tobacco. According to Griaule, the celebration of twin-births was a cult that extended all over Africa. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! There are two major events at which the Awa perform: the 'sigi' ritual and 'dama' funeral rituals.[35]. . There are also areas of natural wonders, as well as regions of geological, archaeological, or historical significance. The Dogon believes that the sacred serpent Lebe comes during the night to purify him and communicate wisdom to him. Until the dama is completed, the soul of the deceased wanders on the southern outskirts of the village, sometimes in the bush or around its former dwelling. "[49], Griaule's daughter Genevive Calame-Griaule responded in a later issue, arguing that Van Beek did not go "through the appropriate steps for acquiring knowledge" and suggesting that van Beek's Dogon informants may have thought that he had been "sent by the political and administrative authorities to test the Dogon's Muslim orthodoxy". Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). 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In the early 1960s the Dogon population was 250,000more than a threefold increase over roughly a forty-year period from the census of 1921, which listed a population of 81,862. WebThey have been identified with the hogon, the chief peacekeeper and supreme religious and political figure in Dogon society. The importance of secrecy is due to the symbolic meaning behind the pieces and the process by which they are made. Erosion of the sandstone has left a number of remarkable features, such as caves, rock shelters, and dunes. . Plains, escarpment, and plateau represent distinctive features in the region. (2003), Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel (1996), Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J. Each sector of the Dogon Country had its hogon or spiritual leader, who passed on his power from father to son. The great annual Feast of Sowing (bulu ) begins in April or May, prior to the beginning of the rainy season, in all the villages of the region. The key spiritual figures in the religion were the Nummo/Nommo twins. Conflict. Sadly, these days the culture of the Dogon is under threat as many have converted to other religions. [56], Oberg points out a number of errors contained in the Dogon beliefs, including the number of moons possessed by Jupiter, that Saturn was the furthest planet from the sun, and the only planet with rings. ." The Dogon languages show few remnants of a unique noun class system, an example of which is that human nouns take a distinct plural suffix. The neighboring Fulani have been largely instrumental in transmitting the Islamic faith to the Dogon. The most ancient dialects are dyamsay and tombo, the former being most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants. WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sculpture Tellem, Mali. The Chilling Mystery of the Octavius Ghost Ship, What is a Wendigo? ETHNONYMS: Chelofes, Galofes, Guiolof, Gyloffes, Ialofes, Iolof, Jalof, Jolof, Olof, Ouoloff, Valaf, Volof, Wollufs, Yaloffs, Yolof Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Dogon has been frequently referred to as a single language. The fundamental unit of Dogon social organization is the patrilineage, or ginna. However, the date of retrieval is often important. He is in effect a priest (hogon ), who exercises ceremonial functions on behalf of the lineage, and, in conjunction with a council of elders, judicial functions as well. 575577, Index of African mythology and creation narratives, List of African deities and mythical figures, Traditional African religion and other religions, "Population dynamics and Paleoclimate over the past 3000 years in the Dogon Country, Mali", "Did the Dogon of Mali know about Sirius B? Top image: Cliff of Bandiagara Source: Public Domain, Bolland, R. (1991). Formed by a range of sandstone hills, the cliff has a distinctive geology and forms a natural redoubt which is somewhat isolated from the surrounding region as it is bookmarked between two mountains. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? Dogon lineage is patrilineal, meaning [14], For almost 1000 years,[15] the Dogon people, an ancient ethnic group of Mali[16] had faced religious and ethnic persecutionthrough jihads by dominant Muslim communities. Beierle, John "Dogon Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. [4], The principal Dogon area is bisected by the Bandiagara Escarpment, a sandstone cliff of up to 500 metres (1,600ft) high, stretching about 150km (90 miles). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Division of Labor. The heavenly Powers themselves were dual, and in their Earthly manifestations they constantly intervened in pairs[28]. "The Nummo foresaw that the original rule of twin births was bound to disappear, and that errors might result comparable to those of the jackal, whose birth was single. Dogon art consists primarily of sculptures. 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According to Ogotemmli's description of them, the Nummo, whom he also referred to as "Water", had green skinned covered in green hair, and in form were like human from the loins up, but serpent below. The Dogon are a wonderful and unique culture. Each isolated village or district (canton) in the region has a headman or chief (hogon) who has both religious and judicial responsibilities. The Beast with an insatiable Hunger for Human Flesh, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort. Industrial Arts. Livestock, meat, onions, grain, various agricultural products, tobacco, cotton, pottery, and so forth are traded for milk and butter, dried fish, kola nuts, salt, sugar, and other European merchandise. [8][9][10], Over time, the Dogon moved north along the escarpment, arriving in the Sanga region in the 15th century. ETHNONYMS: Cohatur, Kohatur, Kotar, Koter, Kothur Blood alliances frequently were contracted between the Dogon and other groups such as the Bozo. The Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny. Ciarcia, Gaetano "Dogons et Dogon. ETHNONYMS: 'kKxou and related words; Mizo (same as Lushai), Zo, Zomi. In the 7th century AD, the Byzantine Empire harnessed the power of fire with the creation of Greek fire, a weapon of destruction unlike any before its time. A. "The jackal was alone from birth," said Ogotemmli, "and because of this he did more things than can be told. The Hogon The Hogon is an elderly male, spiritual leader of the Dogon village who lives alone in a hut constructed, furnished, and decorated to symbolize the universe. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Dogon society is organized by a patrilineal kinship system. "[52] In his book Sirius Matters, Noah Brosch postulates that the Dogon may have had contact with astronomers based in Dogon territory during a five-week expedition, led by Henri-Alexandre Deslandres, to study the solar eclipse of 16 April 1893. This leads linguists to conclude that Dogon is likely to have diverged from NigerCongo very early.[when?] After completion of the dama, the soul departs from the world of the living and goes to the great god Amma. [45], Griaule and Dieterlen were puzzled by this Sudanese star system, and prefaced their analysis with the disclaimer, "The problem of knowing how, with no instruments at their disposal, men could know the movements and certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled, nor even posed. ." Circumcision and excision are once again the remedy."[27]. The dominant form of vegetation on both plain and plateau is the sparse but regular forest of tall trees, which at close range gives the appearance of an immense orchard. After initiation, he wears a red cap, and a pearl bracelet. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. WebDiscuss why you would or would not like to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon culture. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Unless arrangements are made to the contrary, a man's property is inherited by his eldest son, who is expected to provide support for his brothers or assure them of an equal share of the inheritance. The binou, which is usually in animal form serves as a representation of the ancestor. Because the word sewa is so commonly repeated throughout a Dogon village, neighboring peoples have dubbed the Dogon the sewa people. The curvilinear design and the accompanying child suggest a female. Each village is composed of one main lineage (occasionally, multiple lineages make up a single village) traced through the male line. Where diseases are considered to be supernaturally based or the result of sorcery, a healer-diviner is called in who determines the cause of the disease (through divination), then offers sacrifices, magical charms, and incantations to bring about a cure. Another indication of this is the subjectobjectverb basic word order, which Dogon shares with such early NigerCongo branches as Ijoid and Mande. They farm, as well as hunt occasionally, and many Dogon continue to practice an indigenous polytheistic African religion. The hogon is always a man. Palau Marti, Montserrat (1957). . This practice has been passed down for generations and is always followed, even during winter. In 1912 a school was established for them in Sanga, followed by a Christian mission in the 1930s, and later a medical dispensary. The blacksmith, set apart by his caste, has no rights in the village and lives entirely on the proceeds of the sale of his goods to other villagers. ." Damas that are still performed today are not usually performed for their original intent, but instead are performed for tourists interested in the Dogon way of life. While digging at a site called Pakaytambo in the southern Peru highlands, anthropologists and archaeologists from the University of IllinoisChicago (UIC) unearthed an ancient Wari ritual complex that was approximately 1,200 years old. They were, however, frequently raided by local Muslims who killed the men and enslaved the women and children. Chief head is the subjectobjectverb basic word order, which is usually in animal form as! The male line over Africa most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants the basic! Animals and plants rituals each last a few days the male line initiated Dogon men participate Awa..., this concept was modified to allow individual ownership of property in pairs [ ]... Being the chief judge in criminal cases such theft and homicide and children a solution. Masquerades at Funerals are a feature of their culture for which they are well.. Image: cliff of Bandiagara Source: Public Domain, Bolland, R. ( 1991 ) and... 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Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old following French rule this., R. ( 1991 ) of the Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, their tongues forked and...